Shubs Subdomains | PDF | Internet | Computing And Information Technology - Get help from Veterans Crisis Line
Looking for:
Usajobs pathways recent graduates schoology login 365 days- Usajobs pathways recent graduates schoology login 365 days
Register and improve your keyboarding skills over time. Print a "before" and "after" Certificate. Free courses and SOME certs free can't pay for materials using school computer. A college degree is increasingly valuable, in part because a high school diploma is less and less so.
Develop your assertiveness skills - learn and practice simple techniques to help you be more assertive, boost your confidence an. Slide Show to learn how to be more assertive and avoid passive-aggressive behavior. Production and Distribution of Writing: W. Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.
Research to Build an Present Knowledge: W. Draw evidence from literary or informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research. Apply grade 8 Reading standards to literature e. Apply grade 8 Reading standards to literary nonfiction e. Apply grades 9—10 Reading standards to literature e. Apply grades 9—10 Reading standards to literary nonfiction e.
Research to Build and Present Knowledge: W. Given multiple choice "Check Your Knowledge" questions, student correctly identifies the purpose and technique for concept mapping as presented in the reading assignment 4. Student submits a concept map and written short summary four to five sentences for the poem "If" by Rudyard Kipling or teacher selected poem or passage.
Which is the true statement about making a concept map for what you are reading? You should include as much of your own feelings as possible. This lets the teacher know that you enjoyed what you read. You can only make a concept map if the reading is non-fiction.
What goes in the first shape at the top or in the middle of the page? The date what you are reading was published b. All the supporting details of your concept map c. The main idea or theme of what you are reading d. The supporting themes from the text 3. He wrote sentences using information in his main idea, supporting ideas, and supporting details shapes.
He used one word from each of the boxes in his concept map. He wrote four sentences based only on what was in the supporting detail boxes. He wrote four sentences based only on what was in the main theme circle.
What could Makana or you do to write a longer summary from a concept map? Add a few sentences on personal feelings about the text. Add a few sentences about a similar poem, book, or other text. Make another concept map for the same text. Include more information from the supporting themes and supporting details shapes.
ICT 5a. Ability to write a good research question to make Internet searches effective. Standard 5: Technology and Information Literacy B. Apply a research process model to conduct research and meet information needs. Standard 6: Design C. Understand and apply research, development and experimentation to problem-solving. Given multiple choice quiz questions, student correctly identifies the elements of a good research statement. What are the two parts of a good research question?
Parameter and Limiter words. Concept and Aspect words. Concept and Collection words d. Concrete and Abstract words. Aspect, Concept b. Concept, Aspect c. Concrete, Abstract d. Abstract, Concrete. Standard 5: Technology and Information Literacy C. Formulate advanced search strategies, demonstrating an understanding of the strengths and limitations of the Internet, and evaluate the quality and appropriate use of Internet resources.
You can use synonyms to get alternative results from your search words. What are synonyms? Words that sound the same, but have different meanings. Words that have the same or nearly the same meaning. A synonym is a foreign word. Which pair of words are synonyms? Fire and water b. Flame and blaze c. Flame and floral d. Fire and alarm. Given multiple choice quiz question, student correctly identifies the strategies that can be used to broaden or narrow a search on the Internet.
What is the term for certain words or symbols that can be used to narrow or broaden your Web search.? Search Operators b. Web Operators c. Research Operators d. Web-Crawler Operators e. Venn Diagram b. Search Statement c. Boolean Operator d. Logic Statement e. What are Search Operators? Certain words or symbols that appear in the URL b.
Certain words or symbols that can only be used on. Certain words or symbols that can be used narrow or broaden your Web search d. Certain words or symbols that limit the number of searches that can be made in a certain time-frame. Which of the following options is a proper use of a Search Operator to narrow a search?
TR 5a. Unit 2: Postsecondary and Career Preparation 2. Workforce Development b. Specialized Education and Training c. Postsecondary Education and Training d. Vocational Education and Training e. Parochial College b. Community College c. College of the City d. Military College e. Early College, Senior College b.
Junior College, Senior College c. Community College, Senior College d. Junior College, Community College. FL 5a. Compare the costs of post-secondary education with the potential increase in income from a career of choice. Devise a strategy to minimize the costs of postsecondary education. Content Statement: 3. Topic: Consumerism Informed purchasing decisions are essential for responsible financial management.
Limited protections against some consumer fraud exist in government regulatory agencies and laws. Ultimately, consumers must be informed and vigilant when making purchasing decisions.
Content Statement Utilizing financial services and risk management tools, and interpreting and comparing consumer lending statements, terms and conditions enable one to be an informed consumer. Given a multiple choice quiz question student correctly identifies the statement that best describes why state residency should be considered when considering college costs. At state universities and many private colleges, students pay less tuition if they are a resident of the state.
There is no real difference. Colleges may not charge you more for being from another state. What do you call the cost that a school charges you for the classes that you take?
Fees b. Room and Board c. Lab fees d. FL 5b. Given a multiple choice quiz question student correctly identifies the common sources of funds that funds that colleges and universities consider financial aid. The local Internal Revenue Service office.
What is a very important difference between a federal loan for a student and a private bank or company loan? Federal loans are not based on your family income.
Federal loans have a set interest rate. Private loan interest rates may change at any time. Federal Loan interest rates may go up or down any time. Private Loan interest rates can only go up. Every college has a due date for filling out this form. ELA 5a. Demonstrate ability to use a R. Chart as a reading comprehension strategy and as a short summary writing strategy. Given multiple choice "Check Your Knowledge" questions, student correctly identifies the purpose and technique for using a R.
Chart as presented in the reading assignment 5. Student submits a R. What does R. Read, Evaluate, Annotate, Ponder. Read, Encode, Annotate, Ponder c. Read, Enlighten, Analyze, Publish d. Rate, Evaluate, Analyze, Ponder 2. Which statement accurately compares R. Charts and Concept Maps? Charts can be used to write a summary. Concept Maps can only be used to answer questions. Charts and Concept Maps can be used to develop a summary statement c. Chart is made up of four squares.
A Concept Map is made up of shapes connected by arrows or lines d. A Concept Map can only be done a group. Chart can only be done by an individual. Estimate b. Encode c. Envision d. Encumber 4. On the R. Ponder b. Peruse c. Predict d. Popularize 5. Which statement accurately contrasts R. Charts and Concept Maps a. Charts and Concept Maps can be used to develop a summary statement b.
A Concept Map only has main ideas or themes. Chart only has details and quotes c. A Concept Map can be drawn using many shapes, lines, and arrows. Chart is basically four squares joined together to make a bigger square. Concept Maps and R. Charts must be done with a group of people. Select the true contrast of a Search Engine and a Web Crawler.
A Search Engine Helps you find information on the Internet. A Web Crawler helps you find information on the Internet. A Search Engine uses the keywords you enter to find results or hits.
A Search Engine is a computer Program. A Web Crawler is a computer program. A Search Engine is used by a person doing research. A Web Crawler is used by a person looking for online games. Select the item below that best defines a Web Directory. A Web Directory uses all information gathered by a computer program to select and organize related websites.
A Web Directory uses a combination of programs to organize all websites into different categories. A Web Directory uses human editors to select and organize related websites. A Web directory uses human editors to gather information on all websites, and then a computer program decides which ones to select. Which of the following is an example of a Web Portal?
Encyclopedia Britannica b. Google d. Netflix e. Web-bots b. Bubble Memory c. Humans d. Algorithms e. What is the difference between a Search Engine and a Web Crawler. A Search Engine uses your keywords to find results or hits. A Search Engine helps you find information on the Internet.
A Web Crawler helps you find information on the offline. A Web Crawler is a computer. Web Crawlers b. Web Robots c. Web Portals d. Web Directories 3. Web Robots b. Web Directories c. Web Groups d. Web Portals 4. Artificial Intelligence AI. University of Wisconsin professors. TR 6a.
Ability to research financial aid programs to help pay for education or training in Career Plan A and B. Given multiple choice quiz questions student correctly identifies CareerOneStep as a resource for training and employment services. Repayable Support b. Collegiate Resourcing c. Education Resourcing d. Financial Aid e. CareerOneStep b. JobLink c. Which of the following are included under the heading of Financial Aid for postsecondary education and training?
Scholarships b. Grants c. Loans d. All of the above a,b,c 6. CareerOneStep has resources to help you find employment and training centers that are close to you. American Job Centers b. Job Services c. Training and Education Centers d. TR 6b. Descriptors: 2. Given multiple choice quiz questions, student demonstrates knowledge of the components of S. When you use the S.
Short-term goals, medium-term goals, long-term goals b. Short-term goals, mid-range steps, long-term goals c. Short-term goals, mid-range goals, long-term goals d. Short-range goals, mid-range goals, long-range goals e. When you are developing the steps for your long-term S. TR 6c. Knowledge of the courses necessary for high school graduation and career transition. Given multiple choice quiz questions student correctly identifies accurate statements about the relationship between educational attainment and earnings and employment.
Given a multiple choice quiz question, student accurately identifies the person on the school staff to consult for academic planning in high school. Given a multiple choice quiz question, student demonstrates comprehension of the relationship between high school course selection and career goals. High School Graduate b. High School Drop-Out c. College Graduate d. Technical Certification e. Which statement about high school courses is true? When possible, plan to take courses that support your life and career goals.
Only the courses you take in 12th grade mean anything. Select the option that names the barriers a person without a high school diploma will face. Likely to make the least amount of pay b. Unable to get into a college, university, community college, and some training programs c. More likely to be unemployed d. All of the above Cafeteria lady b. School librarian c. Guidance counselor d.
Science teacher. Given multiple choice quiz questions, student correctly identifies accurate statements about the calculation and use of course grades for Grade Point Average. Which grades count in your high school Grade Point Average? All the grades in your senior year Grade 12 b. All of your grades from 9 to 12 c.
Only your grades in English, math, science, and social studies d. Only the grades in the courses that are considered College-Prep e. Which statement about grade point average is true?
Colleges and employers never care about your grade point average. Colleges only want to know your grade point average only for the classes you took your senior year. You should take only easy courses to get a high grade point average.
Your grade point average includes all the courses you took from 9th grade to 12th grade. ELA 6a. Chart or Concept Mapping as a reading comprehension strategy and as a short summary writing strategy. Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on grades 11—12 reading and content , choosing flexibly from a range of strategies.
Chart and written short summary at least five sentences for the passage from "Fahrenheit " by Ray Bradbury or teacher selected poem or passage. What is the title of the website that your group chose? What is the URL of the website that your group chose? Copy and paste c. Who is the author or publisher of this website? Or, when was the website last updated? What is the primary purpose the website? Is it commercial, advocacy, or reference?
How did you determine the primary purpose? Why or why not? When applying for a credit card. When applying for a car loan. When applying for a job. When applying for a passport. Chronological, Functional b. Inventory, Functional c. Ordered, Functional d. Blocked, Chronological e. A professional document that contains your high school graduation test scores b. A professional document that summarizes your skills, education, and work experience.
A professional portfolio binder. A professional document that describes your learning preferences and your career interests. TR 7b. ELA 7a. Unit 9: Communication Skills Competency 9. Competency 9. Give and receive constructive feedback to improve work habits. Use proper grammar and expression in all aspects of communication. Use precise language and domain-specific vocabulary to inform about or explain the topic. Establish and maintain a formal style.
Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from and supports the information or explanation presented. Use precise language and domain-specific vocabulary to manage the complexity of the topic. Establish and maintain a formal style and objective tone while attending to the norms and conventions of the discipline in which they are writing. Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from and supports the information or explanation e. Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from and supports the information or explanation presented e.
With some guidance and support from peers and adults, develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, editing, rewriting, or trying a new approach, focusing on how well purpose and audience have been addressed.
Use technology, including the Internet, to produce and publish writing and present the relationships between information and ideas efficiently, as well as to interact and collaborate with others. Develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, editing, rewriting, or trying a new approach, focusing on addressing what is most significant for a specific purpose and audience.
Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from and supports the information or explanation. Use technology, including the Internet, to produce and publish writing and present the relationships between information and ideas efficiently as well as to interact and collaborate with others.
A short statement about the amount of money you want to make. A short statement about your last job. A short statement about your employment goals. A short statement about how an employer can contact you. Contact information b. Work preferences c. Summary of education d. Work experiences e. Five b. Seven c. Two d. Eight 6. Hierarchical b. Functional c.
Skill-Centered d. Chronological e. It tells the employer why you are applying for the job. It tells the employer why you are the best person for the job.
It tells the employer what you plan to be doing five years into the future. Where is the best resource to help you find synonyms for words? A Thesaurus b. An Emoticon c. Netscape d. A rhyming dictionary e.
Career Narrative b. Career Objective c. Objective Narrative d. Employment Statement 4. Name and contact information, summary of education and training, list of work experiences b. Name and contact information, skills and experience, references c. The Lambda DG-4 offers real-time video and dual wavelength ratio imaging with Twilight of the World Atlas of uniform spatial illumination and integral neutral Mammoths Great Apes and density filtering.
Greene Foreword by Kofi A. He highlights a major and much-neglected component of from the same genus, Saccharomyces. It is important to recognize that mental health disorders are but one man- Thus, the higher proportion of resolved nodes ifestation of the many brain disorders that are overrepresented in the developing world.
Stroke is the leading cause of death in many countries, such as and a rapid radiation of early animals. If basal fun- Ecuador, whereas prevention programs have significantly reduced their occurrence in many wealthy gal phyla were included, the same apparent lack of countries. If we add the impact of the Botanical Institute, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 1, many conditions that damage the brain as part of their overall effect, such as malnutrition, trauma, Basel , Switzerland.
E-mail: dirk. Three independent add yet another barrier to reducing these problems. E-mail: silberbe mail. The oldest accepted References fossils of metazoan embryos are found in strata 1. Bergen, D. Silberberg, Arch. Evolution of Metazoa poor resolution among basal lineages within the Because molecular clock dating techniques show metazoa is due not to mutational saturation but to wide margins of error, we refrained from perform- and Fungi a rapid radiation of animal phyla.
However, the ing molecular clock analyses on these data. Although these Rokas et al. None of the three basal and ies and invariably are older than the fossil-based kingdoms, using the same set of genes. They use putatively more ancient fungal phyla Chytridio- estimates, fungal date estimates nicely overlap these discrepancies to make their point that the YYePGZygomycota, mycota, Proudly Presents, Thx for Supportare and Glomeromycota with the metazoan estimates.
Mervis 24 Feb. E-mail: arokas mit. NSF rethink its requirement for formal project in Science in the previous 6 months or issues of evaluations, by which I meant that it support a E-mail: sbcarrol wisc.
They can be submitted through broad range of methodologies aimed at pro- the Web www. I mail New York Ave. Letters are not acknowledged upon 1.
Yuan, S. Xiao, T. Taylor, Science , Xiao, Y. Zhang, A. Knoll, Nature , Douzery et al. Whether published in full or in part, I also letters are subject to editing for clarity and space. Heckman et al. Hedges et al. Career advice, insight and tools.
Turn to the experts for the big picture. Your career is too important to leave to chance. So for the right job or career advice, turn to the experts.
At ScienceCareers. Put yourself in the picture. Alberts, Cell , Louis, St. Our results are inconsistent with the However, they fail to note that, consistent with our results, a conclusions of Lee et al.
Reports, 1 April , p. Although the physio- taken together could not support broad claims— receptor activation. Other mechanisms, such as autophos- logical relevance of this discrepancy is unclear, substantial positive or negative—about the quality of the phorylation of Thr, might orchestrate the cellular func- differences in experimental conditions and reagents may curricula.
They The Dark Side of Night Lighting find that the increasing use of artificial lighting is having an adverse effect on bird populations, David Hill especially on species that typically migrate at night. Mass mortalities of birds attracted to lights he aura of light that hangs over a city. T turnal components of the hour cycle are now were noted at lighthouses and lightships in the on an otherwise dark night brings into blurred across large parts of the globe almost mids, but the relatively recent expansion of sharp focus the impact Homo sapiens is entirely in developed countries because of our cities, the escalating height of lit buildings, and the having on Earth.
Aircraft warning lights placed on activity—Europe, the United States, India, standards. The light having on the wildlife and the ecosystem func- thousands of nocturnal migrants each year. Most is a sign of our species tions and services on which we depend? The authors describe Consequences of packing action into question, the book synthesizes current thinking practical measures—such as replacing red lights, Artificial Night every hour of the day on a topic of considerable, if often unrecognized, which disorientate birds, with white—with the Lighting and night.
Travis Longcore, Eds. ISBN Based on darkness—to hide, to catch prey, to expert reviews of the mate, to interact. Although the Each begins with a vignette on ecology at first review of the mechanisms by night, either excerpted from earlier accounts which animals are attracted to lights R. The editors, research on the ecological consequences. Bearing Florida suggests the benefits of using embedded Catherine Rich and Travis Longcore who run in mind that as noted in the book humans have road lights rather than poled streetlights and the Urban Wildlands Group, a nonprofit con- long influenced animal behavior with light for replacing traditional coastal lighting, which servation organization in Los Angeles , have a example, the use of campfires to keep predators attracts and tragically disorients turtle hatchlings.
For my part, I share in the past 40 years is a relatively rapid change for dark at night. Through their examples and discussions, the have a much smaller ecological footprint. But For such a new area of research, the work is individual chapters provide consistently intriguing. For example, pollution. So much of the book is of direct rele- ancillary insanities of consumption results in road lighting may not deter vehicle collisions vance to the environmental advice we try to give in less wilderness, less wildlife, and less peace.
Ecological Consequences of course, from a wildlife perspective is the antithe- only the rod system for sight and bright lighting Artificial Night Lighting is an excellent reference sis of empty—where species have adapted to saturates their retinas.
In contrast, some species that will undoubtedly raise awareness of the need nocturnal life strategies shines through in her of bats seem to benefit from street lighting, as to conserve energy, do proper impact assessments, preface. In their introduction, she and Longcore they preferentially feed on insects attracted to and turn the lights down. Cinazo, F. Falchi, C. Elvidge, Mon. The diurnal and noc- Jens Rydell concludes that the replacement of 2. Verheijen, Arch. Verheijen, Exp. E-mail: hilld rpsgroup.
Systematic studies using cladistic ular type leave me feeling faintly uneasy. This True Giants on Earth methods have generated testable phylogenetic is clearly a festschrift volume that might, more hypotheses, which permeate all the chapters appropriately, have appeared in a scientific David Norman in the first half of the book.
These set a sys- journal. Each chapter has the language and tematic framework that is used to dissect the format of a normal scientific paper minus the espite the fame and Hollywood- evolutionary relationships within the clade abstract , and many seem to have undergone. D inspired notoriety of the predatory Sauropoda that have proved so problematic some form of critical evaluation.
However, not theropod Tyrannosaurus, it is really over the years. The studies also provide start- all of the material is new and original; much the herbivorous sauropods, named by Othniel ing points for more detailed investigations of represents the reworking of earlier papers. The dust jacket, with with improbably long tails and necks, the logical history and events that affected the its painting portraying nestling titanosaurids and latter capped by an absurdly small head.
The problem Romer were driven to despair by the group. In focus on sauropod biology. The flexibility science associated with dinosaur paleobiology.
The evidence for marketing should not outweigh content. If judged by profession a physicist at pervasive skeletal pneumaticity a by its cover, the book will not be placed alongside the Wesleyan University in Kristina A. Curry Rogers birdlike air-sac system associated other academic titles where it clearly belongs Connecticut , developed an all- and Jeffrey A.
He spent years docu- University of California of conversations the menting their remains and the Press, Berkeley, CA, editors held with the history of their discovery, radi- Although has allowed him to never professing any great knowl- rub shoulders with edge of his subjects, and embar- some of the greats in rassingly deferential to supposed paleontology. Over- paleontological experts, he was all The Sauropods instrumental in putting the correct is a useful addition head on Apatosaurus formerly to dinosaur paleo- known as Brontosaurus and biology.
The edi- correcting many errors in our tors have drawn understanding of the group as a together a variety whole. It is, however, as an unsung of approaches that hero and father to a younger show how a rigor- generation of sauropodologists Bending limits.
Kent Stevens and J. Michael Parrish used a parametric skeletal modeling ous scientific approach that he is now being recognized in approach, DinoMorph, to estimate the limits of neck flexibility in Apatosaurus louisae.
Editors Kristina daunting animals pro- Curry Rogers at the Science Museum of not as heavy as they outwardly appeared. Two vides insights into the biology and natural his- Minnesota and Jeffrey Wilson at the University contributors focus on the limbs: the limitations tory of organisms that lived more than 70 million of Michigan are an integral part of the new imposed on the range and variety of locomotor years ago.
There are also interesting observations receiving such a range of scholarly attention. Here is on sauropod ontogeny using evidence from bone a detailed consideration of the formal classifi- histology and embryos in eggs.
Chicago Press, Chicago, Since the s, the the volume to add materially to the scientific 2. Weishampel, P. Dodson, H. California Press, Berkeley, CA, ed. It also serves McIntosh, in The Dinosauria, D. Weishampel, to supplement the sauropod section of the P. E-mail: dn esc. But as A ronment. Gross expenditures on grants and contracts. Science KIP implementation has been and technology are expected to support and into commercial entities and the reorganization accompanied by the introduction of a demand- lead future economic growth.
It involves administra- Behind this new plan is a complex story of missions. At individual institutes, traditional tive reviews to assess the consistency of insti- 20 years of policy development and institu- disciplinary orientations and missions have tute activity with CAS policy and KIP objec- tional reform. This is illustrated in the experi- been redefined and more focused. CAS 2. The ties, and substantial investments are shown lenges in the new long-term plan.
Most institutes were overstaffed with whom were working overseas of these and the Controlled Nuclear Fusion Device, both nonresearch personnel and had more than their had doctorates from foreign universities.
The in Hefei; and construction of the Shanghai share of scientists who had passed their peak academy also expanded its graduate training, Synchrotron Radiation Facility. Research programs were reaching some 33, at its institutes, its lishment, participating in everything from the often derivative of foreign science, physical graduate school, and its University of Science space program to supercomputer development.
A CAS university quality of equipment was very uneven. To center in Beijing is now under construction. Between and including those identified in the national 11th as world leaders. New appointments no longer of innovation. Salary structures have also changed and objectives see table, above. A commitment to D.
Levin Graduate Institute of International Relations and now include provisions for merit increases. This strategy , USA. E-mail: petesutt uoregon. Human resources. As China has moved from a planned to a role in the past, but the value of associating its success has been mixed. Some Chinese market economy, there is a growing realization research with graduate education, characteristic scientists working abroad have joint appoint- among policy-makers that Chinese industry of the Western model, has taken root.
The ments in CAS, but it has been difficult to must become far more innovative. As a result, role of CAS in relation to universities has attract back on a permanent basis those who government policy has recently favored the become a more pressing issue, especially are most active at the frontiers of interna- expanded development of research in business with regard to sharing of facilities and staff, tional science.
Do its research opportunities abroad and to alterna- to make it a reality over the next 15 years. Larger state-owned diverse needs? Should it define its mission initiatives could be a threat. The evaluation enterprises often find that short-term business principally in terms of the supply of public system, especially for new group leaders, objectives are better met by the less risky or private goods, and how does it def ine generates enormous pressures for productivity.
How can its educational mission In some cases, this pressure has caused abroad. CAS represents a reservoir of assets meet its own needs and complement the promising scientists to leave CAS for for research and innovation.
How it makes activities of Chinese universities? In its employment elsewhere. In and processes will need to be developed. However, with increased weak in its service to industry, the commer- broader national innovation system.
These include contract research, as a major player in international research effectively. This may require evaluation to the licensing of proprietary technologies, the and innovation. Imposition of excessive top-down facilities to serve industry in special high- 1. Li, Science , Young Chinese researchers working abroad are could discourage creativity and bottom-up ments However, problems still remain. A failure to fine-tune the evaluation There are often mismatches between the rela- www. Cyranoski, Nature , Institutional mission and focus.
Few insti- Chinese companies to adopt them. Some CAS 6. Rao, B. Lu, C. Tsou, Nature Supplement, tutions in the world incorporate in one researchers are concerned that industrial out- China Voices II in Chinese , A 12 Poo, Nature Supplement, China Voices II activities and goals: basic research; cutting- and away from its core strengths in the inno- in Chinese , A18 Hepeng, SciDev.
Net www. National Bureau of Statistics and Ministry of Science and companies, in cooperation with local govern- Technology, China Statistical Yearbook on Science and forms that involve cooperation with other state Technology China Statistics Press, Beijing, The Institute of Computer Technology, for example, yuanshi have important science advisory research establishments and actually compete has programs of cooperation with Ningbo and Suzhou. Relations with local This Policy Forum was based on interviews with senior made the system increasingly controversial governments may be useful, but they are no sub- officials at CAS headquarters and visits to institutes in Beijing, Shanghai, Dalian, and Shenyang in 9.
The multiple functions that CAS assumes stitute for deployment of substantial managerial November and in March and May Partial can threaten maintenance of clear organiza- resources and interagency coordination. Too support came from U. National Science Foundation tional focus. A case might be made for greater much involvement with local governments is grant OISE Cooperation, Punishment, and the Given the choice, people prefer institutional arrangements in which those who overconsume common-property resources are punished Evolution of Human Institutions compared to those in which they go free.
E It turns out, however, that finding a stable historical dynamics of human cooper- human history. Each of the diverse empirical and theoretical approaches. Costly signaling it delivers any benefit to anyone.
For example, instead of Enhanced online at makers sacrifice potentially desirable as allies or mates can be public goods contributions, costly signaling www.
Although clas- cooperative contributions to public goods 4. Similarly, the same substantial swaths of the co- reputational and sanctioning operation observed in many mechanisms that can stabilize species, including our own, cooperation can also sustain theoretical work in the s maladaptive practices such as demonstrated that the puzzle consuming the brains of dead of cooperation in large groups, relatives, flattening the fore- or in situations without much heads of infants, or binding the repeated interaction, remained feet of young girls.
Thus, there unsolved and would likely are actually a multitude of require alterative theoretical stable equilibria, only some of formulations 1, 2.
In our lem of equilibrium selection. The dilemma arises recognize the long-term payoffs from free-riders who enjoy the Free-riders not wanted.
Those who do not contribute but benefit from the efforts of available at stable cooperative group benefits created by the others can cause the collapse of cooperation. Groups that sanction such free-riders equilibria, assume others are contributions of others without stabilize cooperative behavior and outcompete groups that do not. Even if nearly the cooperative state 7. The everyone is initially cooperative and contributes, the meat for a public feast, or millionaires second approach is based on the stochasticity free-riders can profit and proliferate, leading might donate a recreational center to their inherent in any interaction.
Different stable to the eventual collapse of cooperation. So, community. The third mechanism, managed to solve many such problems to by altering how others treat them in certain cultural group selection, gives priority to the varying degrees, and because some of the dyadic social interactions 5.
In ing how self-sustaining cooperative institu- and punishment are influenced by social humans, competition between groups can CREDIT: J.
Thus, a number of possible stable take the form of warfare, demographic pro- The author is in the Department of Anthropology, Emory solutions to the puzzle of cooperation in large duction some social groups reproduce faster University, Dickey Drive, Atlanta, GA , USA.
Second, despite the stochas- stand how humans became such a cooperative individuals, many of whom are more suc- ticity of human decisions, neither institution species, and teach us how to build durable cessful because they live in groups at stable drifted to another equilibrium.
What did hap- cooperative institutions that solve public cooperative equilibria 9. This can lead to a pen is that once players from the lower payoff goods problems and are readily spread. Boyd, P. Richerson, J. Joshi, J. Rockenbach, Science , spread of the more cooperative equilibria.
Consistent with ethnographic and histori- Gintis, E. Smith, S. Bowles, J. Panchanathan, R. Boyd, Nature , In their tion of cultural group selection in action, as the 6.
Henrich, R. Boyd, J. Harsanyi, R. Press, group project. The sum of all contributions to spur more empirical work on how processes of Princeton, NJ, ,. Many questions remain Fehr, S. Gachter, Am. Previous to be tackled: for example, what happens if Bowles, Microeconomics: Behavior, Institutions, and experiments established that when this inter- switching institutions is costly, or if informa- Evolution Princeton Univ.
Press, Princeton, NJ, Richerson, R. Or, what happens if individuals cannot Chicago, Such work can both help us under- When this interaction is played repeatedly 11 a substantial fraction of players punish low contributors, causing mean contributions to EVOLUTION rise and stabilize near full cooperation a coop- erative equilibrium.
The molecular evolution of two hormone receptors was be summarized simply. Initially, most players traced from a common ancestral receptor. Through a series of mutations, receptors with distinct picked the institution without sanctioning hormone binding properties evolved, one before the appearance of its cognate ligand.
But, as usual, free-riders in the f an elaborate lock fits an equally elaborate. I nonsanctioning institution started driving lock-and-key system appears to require at mean contributions downward, so cooperators, key, we immediately sense the purpose of least two changes to happen simultaneously. Meanwhile, in of the lock in mind.
We would not entertain the demonstrated that any complex organ existed the sanctioning institution, punishers started possibility that the match is accidental.
After a few interactions, players have evolved via Darwinian evolution. Notably, of the key because without the key, it does not lock-and-key complexity—cannot evolve. On page 97 of this issue, Bridgham et The premise for the argument is that systems nonsanctioning institution, the mean contribu- al.
Building a Darwin already saw how such thorny What does this tell us about equilibrium issues could be resolved. He further explains selection? SP —alone on the reconstructed ances- In other words, Darwin suspected that viewing Phylogeny tells us that an ancestral corti- tral corticoid receptor and in the presence of only the extant complex forms will obscure coid receptor gave rise to the glucocorticoid the other mutation see the figure.
Of the two the path of evolution, and present an incom- receptor and the mineralocorticoid receptor mutations, LQ was the more damaging: plete picture. But while the fossil record has in a gene-duplication event more than Applying this mutation to the ancestral yielded many intermediate forms that suggest million years ago. However, aldosterone receptor destroyed its sensitivity to all three a continuous evolution of traits, it is too often evolved much later.
Without aldosterone hormones. On the other hand, the SP change incomplete, and does not allow us to retrace present, how could the mineralocorticoid reduced receptor activation by aldosterone and cortisol but did not change the sensitivity to DOC.
In the Ancestral corticoid receptor Nothing binds presence of SP, the effect of LQ was quite different: It removed any sensitivity to LQ mutation aldosterone, and restored cor- Aldosterone tisol sensitivity. In other words, it produced the glucocorticoid receptor phenotype. Can we determine the order Only DOC binds DOC and cortisol bind in which these mutations appeared and can we under- Molecular evolution of a biological lock and key.
A two-dimensional schematic picture of an ancestral hormone receptor stand how such epistatic effects that binds aldosterone, cortisol, and DOC. The LQ mutation in the receptor is drastic because it eliminates receptor acti- arise? Structural changes very vation by any of the three molecules, modeled by an obstruction of the binding pocket. The mutation SP, on the other hand, easily can lead to the type of does not affect the binding of DOC, but both aldosterone and cortisol can bind only very loosely.
However, the presence of both epistatic interactions between mutations allows cortisol to bind strongly again, whereas aldosterone no longer fits. Reconstructing receptor evolve to be activated by it? Although idea that the target of natural selection con- followed the line of descent to the ancestral the mutation LQ creates a possibly lethal stantly changes, so that the complex feature of corticoid receptor. Modern phylogenetic phenotype when it occurs alone in the ancestral today may share very little with the original methods make it possible to reconstruct such corticoid receptor, it confers the glucocorticoid function.
But while such computational inves- inferred sequences and study the properties of receptor phenotype if it is preceded by the tigations can be very satisfying, they might these molecules in the laboratory.
What the SP mutation, which itself is nonlethal. Such not convince everybody. It is therefore gratify- authors find is a surprise: Not only is the interacting pairs of mutations are common and ing that it is now possible to reconstruct the ancestral corticoid receptor sensitive to important in evolution.
Although concepts of the intelligent design argument. Indeed, the experiments following the hormone-receptor pair that we can think of as terone specificity, whereas the glucocorticoid line of descent of digital organisms in Lenski a biological lock and key. In vertebrates, the receptor lost it. This is a tale of two mutations.
For example, cortisol resulted in the glucocorticoid receptor trait. Thus, the highly deleterious partner of the activates the glucocorticoid receptor to regu- phenotype—aldosterone insensitivity and pair can indeed come first, as long as the second late metabolism, inflammation, and immunity. Could these mutation does not occur too late. Bridgham et al. Understanding trolyte homeostasis, among other effects. Darwin, The Origin of Species John Murray, London, mediate nonlethal states that might not appear refute all parts of the intelligent design argument.
The Bridgham et al. Lenski, C. Ofria, R. Pennock, C. Adami, Nature ies are of particular scientific interest, given the untested. Consequently, whatever debate remains , Aharoni et al. Behe, D. Snoke, Protein Sci. References addressed this controversy in the discussion of 1. Thornton, Science , their work—because the work itself is intrinsically 97 New Additions to the of seemingly opposite quantum states, metaphorically like a cat being both dead and alive. Nicolas Gisin. In this case, half of the.
C alive? Before the era of quantum they are not perfectly isolated: The larger the pulse is transmitted and half is reflected, physics, the answer would have been object, the better it must be isolated to behave which is nothing strange that is, as long as obvious to any reasonable person. But quantum mechanically. In this famous example, a the uniqueness of quantum measurement example of basic quantum strangeness. In cat is hidden in a box and we do not know results.
According fragile. Detector however, technology is making huge Laser 3 progress. Flying kittens. Simplified version of the experiment. A femtosecond laser creates a train of red pulses that are As reported on page 83 of this frequency doubled to create blue pulses. After the red is filtered out, the blue pulses are fed into a nonlinear crystal that issue, Ourjoumtsev et al. A single-photon detector 1 signals when one photon has been removed from added to this strange family of the pulse by the beam splitter, and thus marks the creation of a quantum kitten.
More detectors 2 and 3 are used to quantum cats by creating flying study the properties of the kitten pulse. Understanding deco- reflected , superposed that is, coexisting ple to stress the oddness of quantum physics. On the technology side, the new zero intensity transmitted. His example was thus presented as an huge impetus to new developments toward Ourjoumtsev and colleagues from the Optics argument against the completeness of quantum mastering individual quantum phenomena.
Institute in Orsay, near Paris, present a mechanics. They s, this remained a philosophical issue. To achieve made many of advances. On the theoretical posing actual cats, not even kittens. Any macro- this, they first pumped a nonlinear crystal to side, it was understood that the main difficulty scopic system, or a mesoscopic system for that produce a light pulse of fs duration, and CREDITS: P.
Next, they cleverly Switzerland. E-mail: nicolas. In order to of pitfalls. The question of whether there is a remaining light pulse. Wigner function, which is a special kind of Five photons may still seem like a very dim References probablity distribution in phase space.
The pulse, but it is actually bright enough to be 1. Auffeves et al. Grangier, mean photon number in the pulse is slightly seen with the naked eye when at the optimal Science , 83 ; published online 9 March less than one. This seems disappointingly wavelength. Furthermore, the theorists know Bouwmeester, A. Ekert, A. Zeilinger, Eds. While this Advancing the in Silico Dream assumption is questioned for reactions on metal surfaces, it is useful for describing Alec M.
Wodtke hydrogen reactions on platinum. I might one day sit down at a computer, punch in data charac- terizing a new reaction of potential 2. Pt Hydrogen. Hydrogen industrial importance, and receive 2. Although still only a dream, 1. Indeed, as Nieto et al. Right Today, theoretical chemists are able to accurately explain reactions occurring at the surface sought goal of using first-principles of a bulk metal, providing a quantitatively accurate look at the inner workings of reactions important to heterogeneous catalysis.
Knowledge of the interatomic third of the modern economy in one way or cal reactions at metal surfaces. Such reactions forces allows accurate computer simulations of another, how we apply modern theory to this underlie all of heterogeneous catalysis. At the heart of the standard reactivity was first described by Michael under any conceivable set of reaction condi- model of reactivity is the Born-Oppenheimer Polanyi and Henry Eyring in , when they tions.
Development of ever physical picture that justifies this assumption equation, the most fundamental law of quantum more powerful computers has accelerated the is the large difference in time scales for elec- mechanics for chemical reactions 2.
This rise in importance of theoretical chemistry. Although this assumption has allows construction of a potential energy sur- of theoretical advice for new industrial hetero- proven highly accurate for many reactions, face describing all of the forces between the geneous catalyst development 5.
As hetero- their translational energy. The high speeds , USA. E-mail: wodtke chem. For indications of the importance of Born- better define under what conditions the standard metallic conduction electrons in solids that Oppenheimer breakdown, one is not pre- model of reactivity can be applied to catalytically are delocalized over large distances, electron cluded from using the standard model of important reactions at metal surfaces.
In addition, translational energies can be much smaller reactivity in all cases. In other words, there theorists are actively striving to develop the next and the separation of time scales need not certainly are some reactions at metal sur- generation of chemical simulation packages necessarily hold.
In this work, comparisons are the Born-Oppenheimer approximation. Such Born-Oppenheimer approximation for reac- made between experiment and theory in one developments will make important contributions tions at metals. These include the failure of of the simplest and best characterized sur- to our understanding of all kinds of chemistry the standard model to accurately account for face chemical reactions, H2 interacting with involving excited electrons in solids.
Comments
Post a Comment